Recover from Burnout with Reishi and Cordyceps Mushrooms

Discover the natural remedies for burnout recovery in our latest blog. Learn how Reishi and Cordyceps mushrooms can help you regain energy, reduce stress, and restore balance. Find out how to incorporate these powerful adaptogens into your daily routine for a revitalized and rejuvenated you.

In our fast-paced modern society, burnout has become an all-too-common consequence of chronic stress and overexertion. The relentless demands of work, coupled with personal responsibilities, can leave us feeling physically and mentally drained. Fortunately, nature offers an array of remedies to help us bounce back and reclaim our vitality. Among these natural wonders are adaptogens, powerful substances that help our bodies adapt and cope with stress. In this blog, we delve into the extraordinary healing properties of two adaptogenic mushrooms—Reishi and Cordyceps. By exploring their unique therapeutic qualities, we uncover how these fungi can play a pivotal role in replenishing our energy, restoring balance, and facilitating a full recovery from burnout. 

The Science behind Burnout: Understanding the Impact on Your Health

Burnout is not merely a result of feeling overwhelmed or exhausted; it is a complex condition with significant consequences for our overall health and well-being. To comprehend the true extent of burnout, it is essential to delve into the scientific underpinnings that explain its impact on our bodies. Research has shown that chronic stress and burnout can disrupt the delicate balance of our neuroendocrine system, leading to dysregulation of important physiological processes (1). Persistent stress triggers the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can impair immune function, disrupt sleep patterns, and hamper cognitive performance (2). Furthermore, burnout has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, depression, and other mental health disorders (3). Understanding the intricate relationship between burnout and our health is crucial in identifying effective strategies for recovery. By acknowledging the scientific evidence, we can gain valuable insights into the profound repercussions of burnout and the urgency of implementing holistic interventions.

Is Burnout a Medical Condition?

Burnout is a widespread phenomenon that affects individuals across various professions and walks of life. While it is not classified as a medical condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is recognized as a serious occupational hazard with profound physical and psychological implications. Identifying the signs of burnout is crucial in recognizing its impact on overall well-being. Burnout is characterized by a state of mental exhaustion and emotional exhaustion, often resulting from prolonged exposure to chronic work-related stress (4). Burnout symptoms can manifest as a persistent sense of fatigue, reduced productivity, detachment from work, and increased cynicism or depersonalization (5). It is important to acknowledge that burnout symptoms can extend beyond the workplace, affecting personal relationships and overall quality of life. While burnout may not have a specific medical diagnosis, its detrimental effects highlight the urgency of addressing this multifaceted issue.

How to Use Functional Mushrooms for Burnout?

Functional mushrooms, also known as medicinal mushrooms, have gained recognition for their adaptogenic properties in combating stress and promoting overall well-being. These natural adaptogens have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to support the body's ability to adapt and resist stressors. When it comes to burnout, incorporating mushroom adaptogens into your routine can be a valuable strategy for recovery. Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) and Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis) mushrooms, in particular, have shown promising effects in mitigating the symptoms of burnout. Reishi mushrooms possess calming properties that can help reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality, while Cordyceps mushrooms offer energizing benefits, combating fatigue, and enhancing endurance (6). These functional mushrooms can be consumed in various forms, such as extracts, powders, or teas, making them convenient additions to your daily regimen. 

How Reishi Mushroom Helps Combat Stress

Reishi mushroom has long been revered for its remarkable stress-reducing properties, making it a valuable tool in combating burnout. Scientific research has shed light on the mechanisms behind Reishi's stress-modulating effects. Firstly, Reishi contains bioactive compounds known as triterpenes, particularly ganoderic acids, which have demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties (7). These triterpenes interact with various signaling pathways in the body, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a central role in the stress response (8). By regulating the HPA axis, Reishi can help modulate cortisol levels and restore the delicate balance of the stress response system (9). Additionally, Reishi exhibits antioxidant activity, protecting against oxidative stress-induced damage to cells and tissues (10). Furthermore, Reishi's adaptogenic qualities support the body's resilience to stress by promoting homeostasis and enhancing the body's adaptive capacity (11). These combined mechanisms contribute to Reishi's ability to combat stress and its associated detrimental effects, making it an invaluable ally in the journey towards recovering from burnout.

Exploring the Benefits of Cordyceps Mushroom for Burnout Recovery

Cordyceps mushroom is a powerful natural remedy that holds great promise in the realm of burnout recovery. Scientific investigation has unraveled the mechanisms underlying Cordyceps' potential benefits in combating burnout. One key mechanism lies in Cordyceps' ability to enhance cellular energy production through its bioactive compounds, including cordycepin and adenosine (12). By increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, Cordyceps supports mitochondrial function and improves energy metabolism, combating the debilitating fatigue associated with burnout (13). Furthermore, Cordyceps has been found to exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (14). These properties help protect against oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, which are often elevated during burnout (15). Cordyceps also exhibits adaptogenic properties, aiding the body in adapting to and coping with stressors, thereby supporting overall well-being (16). By harnessing these mechanisms, Cordyceps mushroom offers a multifaceted approach to burnout recovery, addressing both physical and mental aspects of exhaustion.

Incorporating Reishi and Cordyceps Mushrooms into Your Daily Routine

To harness the potential benefits of Reishi and Cordyceps mushrooms as adaptogens for stress and burnout recovery, incorporating them into your daily routine can be a transformative practice. One convenient way to integrate these mushrooms is through the use of mushroom extracts or supplements. Reishi mushroom extracts can be added to your favorite beverages such as coffee, tea, or smoothies, or taken as capsules. Cordyceps mushroom extract can be similarly incorporated into your daily routine, offering a boost of energy and vitality. Cordyceps supplements and Reishi supplements are readily available in capsule or tablet form, providing a convenient option for those with busy lifestyles. Start by introducing a small dosage of these adaptogenic mushrooms into your routine and gradually increase as needed. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplementation regimen.

Eversio Wellness carries 100% fruiting body only mushroom extracts, and they consistently practice transparency to their consumers by sharing the COAs (Certificate of Analysis) of each product. The COAs reassure consumers that the percentage of compounds that are claimed to be in the products is scientifically confirmed through lab testing. Eversio Wellness currently carries both Reishi and Cordyceps mushroom extracts in capsular form. 

We hope you have found this article informative. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to leave them in the comment section below!

By Silvana Jakupovic — BSc and 4th Year Student of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM-Boucher)

References:

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2.     McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(4):367-381.

3.     Melamed S, Shirom A, Toker S, Berliner S, Shapira I. Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychol Bull. 2006;132(3):327-353. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.327

4.     Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205

5.     Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004

6.     Lull C, Wichers HJ, Savelkoul HFJ. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Fungal Metabolites. Mediators Inflamm. 2005;2005(2):63-80. doi:10.1155/MI.2005.63

7.     Gao Y, Zhou S, Jiang W, Huang M, Dai X. Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest. 2003;32(3):201-215. doi:10.1081/IMM-120018857

8.     Lai CS, Yu MS, Yuen WH, et al. The neuroprotective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(5):7495-7510. doi:10.3390/ijms15057495

9.     Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM, Chan GC. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4(4):CD007731. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007731.pub3

10.  Lin ZB. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immuno-modulation by Ganoderma lucidum. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;99(2):144-153. doi:10.1254/jphs.crj05014x

11.  Wachtel-Galor S, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF. Ganoderma lucidum ("Lingzhi"), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(2):263-269. doi:10.1079/BJN20041083

12.  Koh JH, Kim KM, Kim JM, Song JC, Suh HJ. Antifatigue and antistress effect of the hot-water fraction from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26(5):691-694. doi:10.1248/bpb.26.691

13.  Chen YJ, Shiao MS, Wang SY. The antioxidant activity of sporophores of Paecilomyces hepiali grown on Chinese caterpillar fungi. Life Sci. 2001;68(9):1067-1082. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)01016-7

14.  Yu HM, Wang BS, Huang SC, et al. Antioxidant and antifatigue activities of the polysaccharides isolated from Cordyceps militaris. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;108(3):457-464. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.027

15.  Chen YJ, Huang HC, Chien CT. Antioxidant abilities and lipid peroxidation in the liver from exercise-trained rats. Life Sci. 2000;66(12):L149-L157. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00608-1

16.  Li SP, Yang FQ, Tsim KW. Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41(5):1571-1584. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.046

5 Adaptogenic Mushrooms and Their Amazing Health Benefits

Adaptogens are substances that may enhance the human body’s resistance to a wide range of external stressors by acting on the immune-neuro-endocrine system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. External stressors may be physical, chemical, or biological and can include anything from environmental pollution and climate change to infectious diseases and interpersonal conflict. Overall, adaptogens help to maintain homeostasis within the body. 

What are adaptogens used for?

Most commonly, adaptogens are used by those looking to protect their bodies from the negative impacts made by stress and poor mental health. In the 1990s, a group of scientists defined adaptogens as substances that minimize the bodily response to stress and reduce the negative reactions seen during the alarm phase of stress, while also preventing the exhaustion phase of stress.   

The body has a three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The alarm stage refers to the initial reaction of the body under acute stress and is commonly referred to as “fight or flight” mode. After this stage, the body should begin to re-balance and return to homeostasis. However, if this doesn’t occur and the stress persists for an extended period of time, the body should adapt in order to cope and so it enters the resistance stage. The resistance stage can include signs and symptoms such as poor concentration, irritability, and frustration. If the stressor persists even longer, the body may enter the exhaustion phase, and burnout, anxiety, depression, etc. will occur. In the exhaustion phase, an overall physiological imbalance occurs in the body and even the immune system may weaken.  

Overall, adaptogens support our bodies in maintaining homeostasis under the pressure of external stressors and prevent progression into the exhaustion phase of stress. Adaptogen supplements are increasing in popularity and medicinal mushrooms have long been praised for their adaptogenic abilities. They have been used for centuries to improve vitality and longevity by offering support for nearly all bodily systems. While nearly every mushroom may play a supportive role, let’s discuss a few adaptogenic mushrooms here! 

Lion’s Mane Mushroom Benefits May Improve Memory and Mood During Stressful Periods 

Stress can cause acute and chronic changes in our brain, especially with persistent secretion of stress hormones. These changes may negatively impact our memory and other cognitive functions over time, which are already worsening naturally as we age. Lion’s Mane contains two active compounds, hericenones and erinacines, that have been found to stimulate the growth of brain cells through neurogenesis. 

Another constituent, isohericerinol A, extracted from the fruiting body of Lion’s Mane, was found to increase nerve growth factor (NGF) production, a neurotrophic molecule that is involved in the growth, development, and survival of neurons, our body’s specialized information messengers. In a study comparing the augmentation or blocking of NGF, blocking of NGF significantly impaired memory and hippocampal activity; the hippocampus is a region of the brain with a major role in learning and memory.  

When people are stressed for prolonged periods of time, their emotions and mental health are likely to suffer. A study was completed assessing whether Lion’s Mane could improve depression, anxiety, sleep, and binge eating disorders after 8 weeks of supplementation. They assessed the serum balances of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor pro-BDNF before and after supplementation of Lion’s Mane. 

The treatment groups presented with increased serum levels of pro-BDNF, and overall improvements in their depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. This is significant as decreased levels of BDNF can cause decreased excitatory neurons, which may potentially lead to depression. BDNF also assists in prolonging the survival of existing neurons and promoting the growth of new ones.  

Benefits of Reishi Mushrooms May Improve Sleep and Mental Health During Prolonged Stress 

Anxiety is one of the body’s reactions to stressors. With persistent stress, anxiety levels may increase and lead to difficulties with sleep and social functioning due to excess worrying and racing thoughts. Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) has long been praised for its anxiolytic effects through research studies, especially due to its constituents of phenols and flavonoids. 

One study found that Reishi was able to increase total sleep time and the length of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), resulting in a more restful sleep. Sleep itself is a significant stress reducer as it allows our bodies to replenish and reset for the following day. While stress increases cortisol (stress hormone) levels, sleep decreases them, and a lack of rest would further exacerbate the effects of stress on the body.  

Chaga Benefits May Prevent Against Oxidative Stress 

Physiological stress may also lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species, thus, leading to development of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the level of free radicals and antioxidants in the body. When free radicals overpower our antioxidant systems, it may result in cellular damage and progress to a disease state and premature aging. 

Chaga is a mushroom commonly known for its powerful antioxidant abilities. It has one of the highest ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) values on the planet! ORAC informs us on the ability of a substance to neutralize free radicals so that they do not overpower our antioxidant capabilities and cause oxidative stress.  

Cordyceps Benefits May Prevent us from Entering the Exhaustion Phase of Stress 

Through research, Cordyceps has exhibited the ability to enhance ATP generation capacity. ATP is our body’s main energy supply source and depleted levels have been seen in mood disorders and in those with high levels of oxidative stress. It is suggested that this increase in ATP is due to Cordyceps’ antioxidant capabilities. Improved antioxidant power leads to improvement of cellular and mitochondrial antioxidant statuses, which would lead to improved ATP generation. 

Stress can often leave us feeling very drained and tired. The feeling of exhaustion from constantly being in “fight or flight” mode can wreak havoc on our bodily systems. Cordyceps may improve energy and stamina and assist in maintaining and stabilizing energy levels throughout the day.  

Turkey Tail Mushroom May Maintain Immune Health During Prolonged Periods of Stress 

Chronic stress can lead to depressed immune function due to high levels of cortisol production, leaving us susceptible to the development of various viruses and infections. Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) is another mushroom full of antioxidants and immune-boosting complexes. The most studied and biologically active compound found in Turkey Tail is Polysaccharide K (PSK), an approved adjunct to cancer treatment in Japan, where its use is recognized for strengthening the immune system and improving longevity in cancer patients, individuals who are facing extreme levels of physiological stress daily. 

The mushroom extract has been shown to enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses, meaning its use allows us to reinforce our body’s first and second lines of defense against pathogens. 

We All Need Adaptogenic Mushrooms! 

Adaptogens are needed by almost everyone in today’s society. Whether you are a student, an office worker, a nurse, or a stay-at-home parent, external stressors are all around us and leave us susceptible to developing chronic stress. Adaptogens can easily be added to food, drinks, or even taken on their own. Eversio Wellness creates amazing mushroom extract blends, such as the Awaken Blend, so you can hit multiple targets with your adaptogenic support. 

We hope you have found this article informative at Eversio Wellness. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to leave them in the comment section below! 

By Silvana Jakupovic — BSc and 4th Year Student of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM-Boucher) 

References: 

Liao LY, He YF, Li L, Meng H, Dong YM, Yi F, Xiao PG. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. Chin Med. 2018 Nov 16;13:57. doi: 10.1186/s13020-018-0214-9. PMID: 30479654; PMCID: PMC6240259. 

Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, et al. Physiology, Stress Reaction. [Updated 2022 Sep 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/ 

Ratto D, Corana F, Mannucci B, Priori EC, Cobelli F, Roda E, Ferrari B, Occhinegro A, Di Iorio C, De Luca F, Cesaroni V, Girometta C, Bottone MG, Savino E, Kawagishi H, Rossi P. Hericium erinaceus Improves Recognition Memory and Induces Hippocampal and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in Frail Mice during Aging. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 27;11(4):715. doi: 10.3390/nu11040715. PMID: 30934760; PMCID: PMC6521003. 

Ryu SH, Hong SM, Khan Z, Lee SK, Vishwanath M, Turk A, Yeon SW, Jo YH, Lee DH, Lee JK, Hwang BY, Jung JK, Kim SY, Lee MK. Neurotrophic isoindolinones from the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2021 Jan 1;31:127714. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127714. Epub 2020 Nov 25. PMID: 33246107. 

Conner JM, Franks KM, Titterness AK, Russell K, Merrill DA, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Tuszynski MH. NGF is essential for hippocampal plasticity and learning. J Neurosci. 2009 Sep 2;29(35):10883-9. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2594-09.2009. PMID: 19726646; PMCID: PMC2765804. 

Vigna L, Morelli F, Agnelli GM, Napolitano F, Ratto D, Occhinegro A, Di Iorio C, Savino E, Girometta C, Brandalise F, Rossi P. Hericium erinaceus Improves Mood and Sleep Disorders in Patients Affected by Overweight or Obesity: Could Circulating Pro-BDNF and BDNF Be Potential Biomarkers? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Apr 18;2019:7861297. doi: 10.1155/2019/7861297. PMID: 31118969; PMCID: PMC6500611. 

Yang, T., Nie, Z., Shu, H., Kuang, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, J., Yu, S., & Liu, H. (2020). The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in Depression. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00082  

Singh R, Dhingra GS, Shri R. Evaluation of Antianxiety Potential of Four Ganoderma (Agaricomycetes) Species from India in Mice. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2016;18(11):991-998. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i11.40. PMID: 28008811. 

Cui XY, Cui SY, Zhang J, Wang ZJ, Yu B, Sheng ZF, Zhang XQ, Zhang YH. Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):796-800. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.020. Epub 2011 Dec 21. PMID: 22207209.

Wang L, Muxin G, Nishida H, Shirakawa C, Sato S, Konishi T. Psychological stress-induced oxidative stress as a model of sub-healthy condition and the effect of TCM. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2007 Jun;4(2):195-202. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nel080. Epub 2006 Nov 2. PMID: 17549236; PMCID: PMC1876613. 

Ko KM, Leung HY. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin Med. 2007 Mar 27;2:3. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-2-3. PMID: 17386115; PMCID: PMC1847515. 

Allen J, Romay-Tallon R, Brymer KJ, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jun 6;12:386. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00386. PMID: 29928190; PMCID: PMC5997778. 

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Benson KF, Stamets P, Davis R, Nally R, Taylor A, Slater S, Jensen GS. The mycelium of the Trametes versicolor (Turkey tail) mushroom and its fermented substrate each show potent and complementary immune activating properties in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Dec 2;19(1):342. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2681-7. PMID: 31791317; PMCID: PMC6889544. 

The Surprising Benefits of Tremella Mushroom Supplements

Tremella mushrooms (Tremella fuciformis) have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for their various health benefits. In recent years, tremella mushroom supplements have gained popularity in the Western world as people seek out natural ways to support their health and well-being. From supporting a healthy immune system to promoting skin health and even aiding in lung health, tremella mushroom benefits are proving to be a powerful addition to any wellness routine. 

What Is Tremella Mushroom?

Tremella mushroom, also known as Silver Ear or Snow Fungus, is a type of functional mushroom that is native to Asia, particularly China. It grows on trees and has a gelatinous, translucent appearance that resembles jelly. Tremella mushroom has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to support health and well-being. It is rich in antioxidants, which can help fight off harmful free radicals in the body, and beta-glucans, which can boost the immune system. Tremella mushroom is also a source of polysaccharides, a type of carbohydrate that may support healthy blood sugar levels. 

What Are Tremella Mushrooms Good For?

Tremella mushrooms are known for their various health benefits. They are rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the body against oxidative stress and damage caused by harmful free radicals. Tremella mushrooms also contain beta-glucans, which have been shown to boost the immune system and may have anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, tremella mushrooms have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to support healthy skin and aid in weight loss. Some studies have suggested that tremella mushroom supplements may help improve blood sugar levels and support heart health. Overall, tremella mushrooms are a versatile and powerful ingredient that can benefit the body in numerous ways.

What Are the TCM and Herbal Medicine Uses of Tremella?

Tremella mushrooms have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for centuries due to their various health benefits. In TCM, tremella mushrooms are believed to nourish the body's yin energy, which is associated with coolness, moisture, and rejuvenation. They are often used to promote healthy skin and support lung and respiratory health. Tremella mushrooms are also believed to support digestive health and aid in digestion. In addition to TCM, tremella mushrooms are also used in herbal medicine for their immune-boosting properties and potential anti-inflammatory effects. They have been used to treat conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic coughs. 

What Are the Tremella Mushroom Benefits?

1. Promote Healthy Skin and Improve Overall Skin Health

Firstly, tremella mushroom is rich in polysaccharides, which have been shown to have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants can help protect the skin against oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to premature aging of the skin. One study found that the polysaccharides extracted from tremella mushroom had a significant antioxidant effect in vitro, indicating their potential as a skin-protective agent [1].

Secondly, tremella mushroom is a natural source of hyaluronic acid (HA), a compound that is naturally present in the skin and responsible for maintaining skin hydration and elasticity. Research has shown that topical application of HA can improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of wrinkles [2]. Tremella mushroom has been shown to stimulate the production of HA in the skin, leading to improved skin hydration and overall skin health, potentially labelling them as one of the best supplements for skin [3]. 

2. Boost Immune System to Fight off Infections and Diseases

Tremella mushroom is a natural source of beta-glucans, which are complex polysaccharides that have been shown to have immune-boosting effects [4]. Beta-glucans stimulate immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, to enhance the immune response [5]. In addition, beta-glucans have been shown to increase the production of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response [6].

Furthermore, tremella mushroom contains compounds that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic inflammation can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infections and diseases. Tremella mushroom has been shown to reduce inflammation by suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [7].

3. Reduce Inflammation in the Lungs and Promote the Clearance of Mucus

One of the primary ways in which tremella mushroom reduces inflammation in the lungs is through its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [8]. These cytokines can cause inflammation in the lungs and contribute to the development of respiratory diseases. Tremella mushroom has been shown to suppress the production of these cytokines, thereby reducing lung inflammation [9]. 

Furthermore, tremella mushroom has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. It can stimulate the immune system to produce more white blood cells, which can help to fight off infections in the lungs [10]. This can be especially beneficial for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who may be more susceptible to infections. 

Another way in which tremella mushroom can help reduce lung inflammation is by promoting the clearance of mucus. Mucus can accumulate in the lungs and airways, leading to inflammation and respiratory symptoms. Tremella mushroom has been shown to enhance the activity of cilia, which are small hair-like structures in the lungs that help to move mucus out of the airways [11]. 

4. Promoting the Growth of Healthy Gut Bacteria

One of the primary ways in which tremella mushroom promotes the growth of healthy gut bacteria is through its prebiotic effects. Tremella mushroom contains complex polysaccharides that are not digestible by the human body but can be broken down by gut bacteria [12]. These polysaccharides act as food for the beneficial bacteria in the gut, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, helping them to grow and multiply [13].

5. Reducing Cholesterol Levels and Improving Blood Circulation

One of the primary ways in which tremella mushroom reduces cholesterol levels is through its beta-glucan content. Beta-glucans are complex polysaccharides that have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering effects by binding to bile acids in the gut and reducing their reabsorption [14]. This leads to an increased excretion of bile acids, which in turn stimulates the liver to produce more bile acids from cholesterol, resulting in a decrease in blood cholesterol levels.

In addition to its beta-glucan content, tremella mushroom contains other bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve blood circulation, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and ergothioneine [15]. These compounds work by dilating blood vessels and reducing inflammation, which can improve blood flow and lower blood pressure [16].

6. Retains Moisture and Stabilizes the Skin Barrier

Tremella mushroom has been shown to have moisturizing and barrier-stabilizing effects on the skin, making it the perfect skin supplement. One of the primary ways in which tremella mushroom retains moisture in the skin is through its polysaccharide content. Polysaccharides are long-chain carbohydrates that have been shown to have strong water-holding properties [17]. When applied topically, tremella mushroom polysaccharides can form a protective film on the skin that helps to prevent water loss and maintain skin hydration [18]. 

In addition to its polysaccharide content, tremella mushroom contains other bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve skin barrier function, such as ergothioneine and beta-glucans [19,20]. These compounds work by strengthening the skin barrier and reducing inflammation, which can help to prevent moisture loss and protect the skin from environmental stressors [21].

7. Provides Neuroprotective Effects for Brain Development

Studies have found that tremella mushroom contains high amounts of polysaccharides, which have been shown to enhance cognitive function and protect against neurodegenerative diseases [22]. These polysaccharides have been found to improve brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which are important for the growth, survival, and maintenance of neurons [23]. Tremella mushroom has also been found to possess antioxidant properties, which can protect against oxidative stress-induced damage to the brain. Furthermore, studies have shown that tremella mushroom can enhance neurogenesis, or the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus region of the brain [24,25]. 

How to Take Tremella Mushroom Supplements

When it comes to taking tremella mushroom supplements, there are a few options to consider. One common form is mushroom capsules, which are easy to take and provide a convenient way to ensure consistent dosage. Capsules typically contain a powdered form of the mushroom, which can be made from dried fruiting bodies or mycelium. It is important to choose a high-quality supplement that has been produced with care to ensure that it contains potent and pure tremella mushroom extract.

Another option is to look for mushroom extract blends that include tremella mushroom along with other medicinal mushrooms. These blends can offer a range of health benefits and can be tailored to specific needs. For example, blends that include reishi mushroom and cordyceps may be helpful for improving immune function and athletic performance. It is important to choose a reputable brand that uses high-quality ingredients and has rigorous quality control measures in place to ensure the potency and purity of the supplement.

What Is a Therapeutic Dose of Tremella Mushroom Supplements?

Determining the optimal therapeutic dose of tremella mushroom depends on a variety of factors, including the individual's health status, age, weight, and other underlying medical conditions. Research studies have used a range of dosages, with doses typically ranging from 1-5 grams per day, although some studies have used doses as high as 10 grams per day. In a clinical trial investigating the effects of tremella mushroom extract on skin hydration and texture, participants received a daily dose of 500 mg of tremella extract for 8 weeks [26]. Another study investigating the cholesterol-lowering effects of tremella mushroom extract used a daily dose of 3 grams of the extract for 12 weeks [27].

Where to Buy Quality Tremella Mushroom Supplements?

Although the market for medicinal mushrooms is wide, it is important to be mindful of what is inside of the products you are buying. There are many types of mushrooms, but if you find the words “full spectrum”, “mycelial biomass”, or “extracellular compounds” on the label, this means the product is made from the grain substrate the mushrooms are grown on, and potentially the primordia and fruiting body, all combined and often not in extract form. Full spectrum is often advertised as a beneficial aspect of the product by some companies, but you’d need to consume much more of it to achieve the same benefits as you would from a product containing 100% fruiting body. 

Eversio Wellness carries 100% fruiting body only mushroom extracts, and they consistently practice transparency to their consumers by sharing the COAs (Certificate of Analysis) of each product. The COAs reassure consumers that the percentage of compounds that are claimed to be in the products is scientifically confirmed through lab testing. Eversio Wellness currently carries one of the best mushroom blends, the Rejuvenate Blend, which contains oyster, chaga, tremella, lion’s mane, shiitake, and maitake mushroom extracts in powder form as well as tremella mushroom extract capsules.

We hope you have found this article informative. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to leave them in the comment section below!

By Silvana Jakupovic — BSc and 4th Year Student of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM-Boucher)

References

1.          Yang, B., Liu, P., Li, M., Qi, S., Chen, S., Zhang, H., & Wang, J. (2017). In vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from Tremella fuciformis. International journal of biological macromolecules, 95, 1161-1165.

2.          Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: a key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

3.          Chen, S. N., Chang, Y. S., Chen, S. S., Wang, T. C., & Lai, C. S. (2016). Hyaluronic acid production is increased by dual culture of Tremella fuciformis and Agrocybe cylindracea. Journal of food and drug analysis, 24(4), 758-765.

4.          Akramiene, D., Kondrotas, A., Didziapetriene, J., & Kevelaitis, E. (2007). Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina, 43(8), 597.

5.          Vetvicka, V., & Vetvickova, J. (2014). Immune-enhancing effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) and Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) extracts. Annals of Translational Medicine, 2(2), 14.

6.          Akramiene, D., Kondrotas, A., Didziapetriene, J., & Kevelaitis, E. (2007). Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina, 43(8), 597.

7.          Wang, Y., Yin, H., Wang, L., Shang, P., & Xiao, H. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells through regulating TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Carbohydrate polymers, 209, 308-316.

8.          Wang, Y., Yin, H., Wang, L., Shang, P., & Xiao, H. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells through regulating TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Carbohydrate polymers, 209, 308-316.

9.          Sun, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, F., Zhang, H., Li, X., Liang, J., & Li, B. (2020). Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis spores in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264. 7 macrophages. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 922-932.

10.       Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Wu, J., Yang, Y., Dong, W., Zhang, Q., ... & Zhang, X. (2015). Characterization of polysaccharides with marked inhibitory effect on the cellular infection of hepatitis B virus. Carbohydrate polymers, 117, 517-523.

11.       Chan, Y. S., Wong, J. H., Fang, E. F., Pan, W. L., Ng, T. B., & Xiao, H. (2012). Immunomodulatory activities of fungal polysaccharides: a review. Biotechnology advances, 30(6), 1255-1268.

12.       Gao, Q., Kou, X., & Xu, J. (2019). Tremella Polysaccharides: A Review of Extraction, Purification, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Biological Activities. Journal of food science, 84(1), 6-16.

13.       Xie, J. H., Jin, M. L., Morris, G. A., & Zha, X. Q. (2018). Bioactivities and health benefits of mushrooms mainly from China. Molecules, 23(4), 933.

14.       Li, J., Li, D., Xu, Y., & Liu, J. (2016). Health benefits of tremella polysaccharides and their mechanisms of action: a review. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B, 6(4), 292-298.

15.       Gao, Q., Kou, X., & Xu, J. (2019). Tremella Polysaccharides: A Review of Extraction, Purification, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Biological Activities. Journal of food science, 84(1), 6-16.

16.       Yao, Y., Yang, X., Tian, J., Chen, J., Ji, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide promotes vascular endothelial cell proliferation via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules, 139, 194-200.

17.       Ma, C., Guo, X., Wang, M., & Zhang, X. (2019). Extraction, purification, and physicochemical properties of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides: A review. Advances in Polymer Science and Technology, 3(4), 202-210.

18.       Li, J., Li, D., Xu, Y., & Liu, J. (2016). Health benefits of tremella polysaccharides and their mechanisms of action: a review. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B, 6(4), 292-298.

19.       Ruan, J. L., Li, H. R., Xu, J., & Zhou, Y. J. (2019). Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide: An Overview of Its Pharmacological Effects. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 233, 190-194.

20.       Lee, Y. J., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S. B., & Kim, H. J. (2013). The anti-inflammatory effects of water extract from Tremella fuciformis on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(11), 1000-1007.

21.       Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Liu, X., & Wu, X. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides: a review of their structure, extraction, purification, pharmacological and cosmetic applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 90, 78-93.

22.       Zhang, Z., Lv, G., & Pan, H. (2019). Enhancement of cognitive function by polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis spore in aged rats. International journal of biological macromolecules, 124, 1014-1020.

23.       Zhang, Z., Lv, G., & Pan, H. (2020). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via activation of the BDNF/TrkB pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules, 157, 1060-1068.

24.       Lv, G., Sun, L., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides improve learning and memory abilities in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) via modulation of the gut microbiota. Food & function, 10(4), 2002-2014.

25.       Zhu, X., Li, S., Li, X., Li, H., & Zhang, X. (2019). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides enhance the neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in a mouse model of sleep deprivation. Food & function, 10(12), 7822-7832.

26.       Choi SY, Hur SJ, An CS, Jeon YJ, Jeon SM, Kim D, Lee SJ. Effect of mushroom extract on skin properties and hydration: a randomized clinical trial. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2013;42(4):614-620. doi:10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.4.614

27.       Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Hypolipidemic and Safety Effects of Tremella fuciformis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:1-11. doi:10.1155/2016/6138982

5 Ways Chaga Can Boost Your Overall Health and Wellness

What is Chaga?

Chaga, a type of mushroom that grows primarily in colder regions, has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential health benefits. It is a parasitic fungus that grows on birch trees and is characterized by its black, hard, and crusty appearance. While it may not be the most attractive of mushrooms, the Chaga mushroom is highly valued for its potential to improve overall health and wellness. Chaga mushrooms have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat a range of ailments, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and inflammation. It is also commonly used as a natural immune booster and may have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Chaga benefits are also due its rich antioxidant content, which may help to prevent damage caused by free radicals in the body. This unique mushroom has been the subject of numerous scientific studies, and in this blog, we will explore five ways that chaga can boost your overall health and wellness, backed by the latest research. Whether you are looking to improve your immune function, reduce inflammation, or support your overall well-being, Chaga may just be the natural remedy you've been searching for.

5 Chaga Health Benefits for Any Lifestyle

1.    May Reduce Signs of Aging

Chaga may slow the process of aging. When free radicals accumulate in our bodies, one of the ways in which we suffer is through the skin, especially in regard to premature aging. One study illustrated that Chaga had protective effects against oxidative stress-induced death of cells and premature deterioration in human fibroblasts, both of which are key biological processes underlying aging [1]. Additionally, Chaga was able to suppress UV-induced morphologic skin changes, such as skin thickening and wrinkle formation, protecting the skin from sun-induced aging [1]. Chaga was also found to increase collagen synthesis by inhibiting MMP-1 and MMP-9 activities; these are matrix metalloproteinases that degrade different types of collagens in the body [1,2]. This is significant because, as we age, our bodies produce less collagen which can lead to increased drying of skin and formation of wrinkles.

2.    Can Help Fight Inflammation

Inflammation is the body’s natural response against certain physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. In moderate amounts, acute inflammation is beneficial to our healing processes and help us defend against foreign pathogens. However, if inflammation becomes persistent and chronic, it can affect multiple bodily systems and lead to various health conditions. One study found that treatment of colitis with Chaga decreased the expression of TNF-alpha [3]. TNF-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and concentrations have been found to be elevated in those with conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease [3].

Chaga’s anti-inflammatory effects may also be due to the inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 expression via down-regulation of NF-kB activity [3]. When inflammation is occurring in the body, this can induce expression of COX-2 and iNOS at the sites of inflammation. This often leads to an increase in the level of inflammation, pain, swelling, and other associated signs and symptoms [3]. The COX-2 enzyme is one of the most common targets for anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals. COX-2 inhibitors are a subgroup of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that treat pain and inflammation in many conditions, such as arthritis. Thus, it seems that Chaga may act similarly to pharmaceuticals, and likely with very little side effects in comparison.

Polysaccharides in Chaga were able to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production [4]. This is significant because NO is an important contributor to the inflammatory processes in the body and measuring the level of NO is a way in which we can gauge the level of inflammation that is occurring in the body [4].

3.    May Protect and Reduce DNA Damage

UVA and UVB radiation have the potential to indirectly damage the DNA in our skin cells and result in genetic defects or mutations that may progress to premature aging, or even skin cancer [5]. We know of the importance of daily sunscreen wear, but even skin that is not commonly exposed to the sun (i.e., the back) can accumulate genomic DNA changes from UV radiation [6]. One study assessed the effect of Chaga on the extent of DNA damage that can occur with UV exposure and found that the treatment group experienced less damage to genetic information in cells because polysaccharides extracted from the mushroom were able to enhance the expression of DNA repair genes [7]. This means that Chaga has the potential to reduce DNA damage that may occur as a result of frequent sun exposure.

4.    High Antioxidant Value

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the level of free radicals and antioxidants in the body. When free radicals overpower our antioxidant systems, it may result in cellular damage and progress to a disease state. Oxidative stress can activate inflammatory mediators and further exacerbate the inflammatory process of several medical conditions. Compounds with high antioxidant activity, such as the phenolic compounds that can be found in Chaga, can combat this oxidative stress [4].

Chaga has one of the highest ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) values on the planet! ORAC informs us on the ability of a substance to neutralize free radicals so that they do not overpower our antioxidant capabilities and cause oxidative stress.

5.    May Help Slow the Growth of Cancer   

The mushroom extract of Chaga illustrated significant tumor suppressive effects in a study completed on mice models [8]. In tumor-bearing mice, tumor reduction of 60% was seen while in metastatic mice, there was a decrease of 25% in the number of nodules [8]. Inhibition of vascularization and an increase in tumor agglomeration was also seen with the use of Chaga [8]. The study hypothesizes that long-term and persistent intake of Chaga may suppress tumorigenesis by supporting normal metabolic reactions, such as thermogenesis, inducing cancer cell death, and improving chronic inflammation [8].

In another study on breast cancer cells, Chaga induced autophagy by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway [9]. In cancer cells, autophagy may suppress tumorigenesis by inhibiting survival of cancer cells and inducing cell death [10].

Are There Any Side Effects of Chaga Mushrooms?

Chaga mushroom is generally considered safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts as a food or dietary supplement. However, some individuals may experience side effects, particularly if they consume large amounts of Chaga or if they have certain health conditions [11].

Chaga contains oxalates, which can contribute to kidney stones in susceptible individuals. It may also interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners or diabetes medications. Additionally, some people may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea, when consuming Chaga in large amounts.

It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any new supplement if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking any medications. If you experience any adverse effects after taking Chaga, discontinue use and consult with a healthcare provider.

How Much Chaga Should You Take?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to how much Chaga supplement one can take per day, as the ideal dosage may vary depending on various factors, such as age, weight, health status, and the reason for use. It is important to follow the manufacturer's recommended dosage on the product label or as advised by a healthcare provider. It is best to start with a lower dosage and gradually increase it as needed while monitoring for any adverse effects.

Where to Buy Quality Chaga Mushroom Products?

Although the market for functional mushrooms is wide, it is important to be mindful of what is inside of the products you are buying. If you find the words “full spectrum”, “mycelial biomass”, or “extracellular compounds” on the label, this means the product is made with the substrate the mushrooms are grown on, adding filler into your product.

As for mushrooms in Canada, Eversio Wellness carries 100% fruiting body only mushroom extracts, and they consistently practice transparency to their consumers by sharing the COAs (Certificate of Analysis) of each product. The COAs reassure consumers that the percentage of compounds that are claimed to be in the products is scientifically confirmed through lab testing. Eversio Wellness also tests the heavy metal and microbial contents so you can be sure that your mushroom product is safe. There is no better time than now to buy mushrooms in Canada online!

Eversio Wellness carries Chaga mushroom extract capsules composed of 29% of beta-D-glucans, 24% of triterpenes, and 3.76% of betulinic acid that is made 100% from fruiting body only, ensuring there are no fillers in your product.

We hope you have found this article informative. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to leave them in the comment section below!

By Silvana Jakupovic — BSc and 4th Year Student of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM-Boucher)

References:

[1] Yun JS, Pahk JW, Lee JS, Shin WC, Lee SY, Hong EK. Inonotus obliquus protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and premature senescence. Mol Cells. 2011 May;31(5):423-9. doi: 10.1007/s10059-011-0256-7. Epub 2011 Feb 22. PMID: 21359681; PMCID: PMC3887607.

[2] Vincenti, M.P., Brinckerhoff, C.E. Transcriptional regulation of collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-13) genes in arthritis: integration of complex signaling pathways for the recruitment of gene-specific transcription factors. Arthritis Res Ther 4, 157 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1186/ar401

[3] Choi SY, Hur SJ, An CS, Jeon YH, Jeoung YJ, Bak JP, Lim BO. Anti-inflammatory effects of Inonotus obliquus in colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:943516. doi: 10.1155/2010/943516. Epub 2010 Mar 10. PMID: 20300439; PMCID: PMC2840610.

[4] Alhallaf W, Perkins LB. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Chaga Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Methods against LPS-Induced RAW 264.7. Molecules. 2022 Jun 30;27(13):4207. doi: 10.3390/molecules27134207. PMID: 35807453; PMCID: PMC9268247.

[5] UV radiation. The Skin Cancer Foundation. (2022, July 21). Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.skincancer.org/risk-factors/uv-radiation/ 

[6] ScienceDaily. (2021, January 14). Even skin shielded from the sun accumulates genomic DNA changes from UV light. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210114163929.htm 

[7] Eid JI, Al-Tuwaijri MM, Mohanty S, Das B. Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) polysaccharides exhibit genoprotective effects in UVB-exposed embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) through coordinated expression of DNA repair genes. Heliyon. 2021 Feb 4;7(2):e06003. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06003. Erratum in: Heliyon. 2021 Jun 08;7(6):e07235. PMID: 33598573; PMCID: PMC7868817.

[8] Arata S, Watanabe J, Maeda M, Yamamoto M, Matsuhashi H, Mochizuki M, Kagami N, Honda K, Inagaki M. Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice. Heliyon. 2016 May 12;2(5):e00111. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00111. PMID: 27441282; PMCID: PMC4946216.

[9] Lee MG, Kwon YS, Nam KS, Kim SY, Hwang IH, Kim S, Jang H. Chaga mushroom extract induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Jun 28;274:114081. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114081. Epub 2021 Mar 30. PMID: 33798660.

[10] Yun CW, Lee SH. The Roles of Autophagy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Nov 5;19(11):3466. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113466. PMID: 30400561; PMCID: PMC6274804.

[11] https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-chaga-mushrooms